The “Pastoral Concert” or “Concert Champetre” that now hangs in the Louvre is universally recognized as one of the world’s great masterpieces. Usually dated around 1510-1511 it is surrounded, like other famous products of the Venetian Renaissance, by an aura of mystery and enigma. Not only has scholarly opinion been divided about whether to attribute the painting to Giorgione or Titian, but also no one has been able to come up with a plausible explanation of the subject or meaning of the painting.
Titian: Pastoral Concert (Louvre) |
In this post I present a synopsis of a “working hypothesis” that provides a new interpretation of the subject of the "Pastoral Concert" and also resolves the question of attribution. I argue that Titian used the famous Biblical story of Jonathan and David to provide a framework for a personal homage to Giorgione, his recently deceased mentor and friend. The full 3500 word interpretation can be found at MyGiorgione, a site devoted to my work on Giorgione, Titian, and the art of the Venetian Renaissance.
Before going any further it should be noted that my
reading is speculative and unorthodox. As far as I know a painterly homage
would be unique and unprecedented in the art of the Venetian Renaissance.
Nevertheless, there is no settled opinion on the subject of the “Pastoral
Concert”, and a Titian homage to Giorgione answers most of the questions that
have surrounded the painting.
This interpretation explains why Titian put so many
Giorgionesque elements in the painting, but also identifies the four main
figures in the painting as well as their relationship with one another. The man
on the left wearing finery and holding the lute is Giorgione. Many of the
features of Giorgione that Vasari mentions in his short biography can be seen
in this young man. Moreover, three here-to-fore inexplicable details in the
painting indicate that Giorgione is dead: his face is in shadow; the lute has
no strings; and the nude on the left is pouring into a well.
This interpretation then identifies the young rustic
on the right as Titian. He depicts himself as Giorgione’s social inferior but
also as his successor. His closeness to the other man as well as his connection
with the flock in the mid ground brings to mind the biblical story of David and
Jonathan. Titian identifies himself with David, the soul-mate and successor of
Jonathan.
Cima da Conegliano: David and Jonathan National Gallery, London, c. 1506-10. |
My interpretation agrees with those scholars who
have observed that the two female nudes in the painting are muses who are
invisible to the two men. Although muses are the source of inspiration, the men
are oblivious of their presence. Indeed, I argue that the two nudes are the
same muse. She is Euterpe, the muse of lyric poetry and music. The standing
nude is pouring Giorgione’s spirit out, but on the right she is looking
directly at Titian.
To express his homage to the deceased Giorgione,
Titian incorporated many Giorgionesque elements into the painting. Practically
everything that Vasari said about Giorgione can be found in this painting. The
most telling evidence is the reference to the story of the paragone where Giorgione claimed supremacy for painting over
sculpture since he could portray every aspect of a figure on a flat surface. In
one glance the viewer sees the front, the back and the profile of the nude Euterpe.
Many have seen that the relationship between the two
young men in the “Pastoral Concert” is the key to the painting. Some have even
seen a strong trace of
“homo-eroticism.” In my opinion the bond between two young warriors, or
two young artists is sufficient to explain the painting. Look at the painting
and consider David’s lament on hearing the news of the death of Jonathan.
O Jonathan, in your death I am stricken
I am desolate for you, Jonathan my brother.
Very dear to me you were,
Your love to me more wonderful
than the love of a woman.*
* 2 Samuel 1:19-26
A very meaningful interpretation which bring new dimensions to interpreting the painting. (The man on left resembles Giorgione, who was known to have played the lute and was described as having a "very big soul.") If your insight is true, this painting truly does have the elegiac tone of other Arcadian paintings. Note, too, that Giorgione's face is fully in shadow, which could be a way to express that his shadow is extinguished. I believe the women are imagined in the not only as muses, nearly angelic beings. The entire painting evokes imagination and reverie, in an idealized world. In the end it is creation of a mood which is the most important message of the painting.
ReplyDeleteJulie:
ReplyDeleteThanks for the comment. If you get a chance to read the full paper, I would love to see your comments. I have no way of proving it, but I like to think that Titian kept this painting in his studio for years as a reminder of his lost friend.
Frank
"The golden age, ah, whither is it flown,
ReplyDeleteFor which in secret every heart repines?
When o’er the yet unsubjugated earth
Men roam’d, like herds, in joyous liberty;
When on the flowery lawn an ancient tree
Lent to the shepherd and the shepherdess
Its grateful shadow, and the leafy grove
Its tender branches lovingly entwin’d
Around confiding love; when still and clear,
O’er sands forever pure, the pearly stream
The nymph’s fair form encircled; when the snake
Glided innoxious through the verdant grass,
And the bold youth pursu’d the daring faun;
When every bird winging the limpid air,
And every living thing o’er hill and dale
Proclaim’d to man,—What pleases is allow’d."